![]() This research builds off of work undertaken via Luis Bettencourt's John Templeton Foundation Grant (grant #15705 and therefore assisted in making this research a reality.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. McDonnell Foundation Grant (grant #220020438 assisted in this ongoing research program and paid for publication fees. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.įunding: The (joint) Arizona State University Santa Fe Institute Center for Biosocial Complex Systems funded Rudolf Cesaretti's data collection and analysis, and preparation of the manuscript, through a Research Assistantship. Received: OctoAccepted: AugPublished: October 5, 2016Ĭopyright: © 2016 Cesaretti et al. PLoS ONE 11(10):Įditor: Celine Rozenblat, University of Lausanne, SWITZERLAND The similarities between the empirical patterns of settlement relating area to population observed here support the hypothesis that cities throughout history share common principles of organization that self-consistently relate their socioeconomic networks to structured urban spaces.Ĭitation: Cesaretti R, Lobo J, Bettencourt LMA, Ortman SG, Smith ME (2016) Population-Area Relationship for Medieval European Cities. Although social life in medieval Europe was orchestrated by hierarchical institutions (e.g., guilds, church, municipal organizations), our results show no statistically significant influence of these institutions on agglomeration effects. Our empirical estimates of model parameters show a strong densification of cities with city population size, consistent with patterns in contemporary cities. To interpret this data, we develop two related models that lead to differing predictions regarding the quantitative form of the population-area relationship, depending on the level of social mixing present in these cities. To address these questions, we analyze a new dataset for the settled area and population of 173 European cities from the early fourteenth century to determine the relationship between population and settled area. ![]() ![]() This raises a series of interesting questions, as both modern and ancient cities have been observed to obey area-population relationships predicted by settlement scaling theory. However, the next step-to systematically relate the population size of these cities to their spatial and socioeconomic characteristics-has seldom been taken. There is a long tradition of demographic studies estimating the population sizes of medieval European cities, and comparative analyses of these data have shed much light on the long-term evolution of urban systems. Yet, many of the spatial, political and economic features of medieval European cities were particular to the Middle Ages, and subsequently changed over the Early Modern Period and Industrial Revolution. The leader of the revolt, Watt Tyler, was eventually killed by the manor.Medieval European urbanization presents a line of continuity between earlier cities and modern European urban systems. But the discontent was felt in many places an uprising swelled across England. When some peasants refused to pay these taxes, they were fined or put in the stocks as punishment. The peasants revolt- The peasants revolt took place in 1381, the black death had severely reduced the population in England, but the king passed a law that ensured workers couldn't ask for better employment terms. ![]() In the aftermath of the black death, people began to question the influence and power the church had over society and openly criticize some of it's practices, which in time would see the establishment of the alternative Christian faiths. Weakening of the church- The inability of religious leaders to limit the terrible effects of the plague, as well as the deaths of so many monks, nuns and priests led to a lessening of many peoples faith in the church. The wealth available to survivors is believed to have been at least five times more than before, spending increased in towns and cities, increasing and power and social position increased for middle-class survivors. This helped weaken the system because instead of providing labor free in return for lords protection and support, knights and manor workers could demand money in return and higher wages. They had more bargaining power, and therefore more social status. Survivors who had been trained in different trades were highly valued by employees. Weakening of feudalism- The massive drop in population drastically affected trade manufacturing, and the production of food from the land because skilled laborers and craftsmen were now in short supply.
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